Thermography for the differential diagnosis of vascular malformations.

Vascular malformations classification may pose a diagnostic challenge for physicians. In the early stages, they are diagnosed clinically mainly by visual inspection. For a deeper analysis, Doppler ultrasonography is the preferred technique to determine the haemodynamic behaviour of the anomaly. However, this imaging method is not always available and it requires trained operators to acquire and interpret the images. There is a lack of portable and user-friendly systems that may help physicians in the assessment of vascular malformations. We propose a new diagnostic procedure, more affordable and easier to use, based on a portable thermal camera. This technique provides information about temperature, which has been found to be correlated with the flow rate of the lesion. In our study, > 60 vascular malformations of previously diagnosed patients were analysed with a thermal camera to classify them into low-flow and high-flow malformations. The value was 1 for both sensitivity and specificity of this technique.

A duality principle for the multi-block entanglement entropy of free fermion systems.

The analysis of the entanglement entropy of a subsystem of a one-dimensional quantum system is a powerful tool for unravelling its critical nature. For instance, the scaling behaviour of the entanglement entropy determines the central charge of the associated Virasoro algebra. For a free fermion system, the entanglement entropy depends essentially on two sets, namely the set A of sites of the subsystem considered and the set K of excited momentum modes. In this work we make use of a general duality principle establishing the invariance of the entanglement entropy under exchange of the sets A and K to tackle complex problems by studying their dual counterparts. The duality principle is also a key ingredient in the formulation of a novel conjecture for the asymptotic behavior of the entanglement entropy of a free fermion system in the general case in which both sets A and K consist of an arbitrary number of blocks. We have verified that this conjecture reproduces the numerical results with excellent precision for all the configurations analyzed. We have also applied the conjecture to deduce several asymptotic formulas for the mutual and r-partite information generalizing the known ones for the single block case.

Small-pore driven high capacitance in a hierarchical carbon via carbonization of Ni-MOF-74 at low temperatures.

A hierarchical porous carbon prepared via direct carbonization of Ni-MOF-74 loaded with furfuryl alcohol at 450 °C displays high specific capacitance in comparison with other MOF-derived carbons as a result of the formation of micropores smaller than 1 nm.

3D surgical planning in patients affected by lipodystrophy.

Lipodystrophy is a pathological condition characterized by the focal or general absence of adipose tissue. Surgeons reset the patient's surface contours using injectable materials to recreate a normal physical appearance. However, due to difficulties in preoperative planning and intraoperative assessment, about 15% of the surgical procedures involved are reinterventions to improve volume or symmetry. This increases the need for an available, efficient tool capable of providing the surgeon with a good estimation of the volumes to be injected before the intervention proper begins. This work describes a virtual reality-based application for the surgical planning of facial lipodystrophy correction (FLIC). The tool uses points selected interactively by the surgeon to compute a curve that delimits the surface area to be operated on. It then automatically computes an estimated natural reconstructed surface and the quantity of volume that needs to be implanted during the intervention. Experiments have been carried out in which the filling volumes estimated using FLIC and ZBrush software were compared with the real volumes injected by the surgeon. ICCs higher than 0.97 indicate that there were no significant differences between the respective measurements, thus validating the tool proposed in this paper.

[Descriptive study of malaria cases in a general hospital in Madrid between 1996 and 2011]. / Estudio descriptivo de los casos de paludismo en la población pediátrica en un hospital general de Madrid entre 1996 y 2011.

INTRODUCTION: Malaria causes around 863,000 deaths per year, mostly of them in children under 5 years old. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have reviewed the epidemiological data of malaria cases in a pediatric department in a Hospital in the Community of Madrid, in the period 1996-2011. RESULTS: In the period reviewed, 103 cases of malaria were diagnosed in children under 14 years old. Sixty percent were males and the average age was 4.5 years. In most cases, the infection arose during a visit to relatives in the country of origin. The vast majority did not have malaria prophylaxis. Twenty-five percent of the cases were diagnosed as complicated malaria, the main criteria being hyperparasitemia, of which 80% of the patients did not present any other complications CONCLUSIONS: A high level of suspicion must be maintained in any patient who comes from a malaria endemic area. The key factor responsible for the infection was the lack of chemoprophylaxis.

[Validation of the perceived safety scale for patients transported to hospital after an outpatient emergency]. / Validación de una escala de seguridad percibida para pacientes trasladados al hospital tras asistencia extrahospitalaria urgente.

OBJECTIVE: To design and validate a new tool to measure the perceived safety of patients who are transported to hospital after requesting urgent health care using the telephone number "061". METHODS: A multicentre, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study to validate the score obtained using a telephone interview. The patients subject to study were those who were transported to the hospital after requesting urgent health care using the telephone number "061". The eight provincial services of the Public Emergency Medical Services Company of Andalusia participated. The data were collected from January to June of 2010. In addition to the basic criteria of the validation of the survey (endorsement frequency and discrimination ability between groups), an assessment was made of validity (validity of content and validity of construct or concept) and reliability (stability and homogeneity). The Retest-Test technique was used to assess stability, whereas the homogeneity was examined using two properties: internal consistency of its items (correlation coefficient checked item-scale) and internal consistency of the scale (Cronbach's Alpha coefficient). RESULTS: A total of 1011 questionnaires were obtained after 7538 phone calls (13.4%). The total scale score fluctuated between 0 and 80 points, with a mean of 73.95 (SD: 9.607), and a median of 79. The exploratory factor analysis detected two components that explained 62.3% of the total variance. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.814 (95% CI: 0.725-0.874). The correlation coefficient checked item- scale to examine the internal consistency of its items was more than 0.625. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was 0.941 for the internal consistency of the scale. CONCLUSION: The Perceived Safety Survey ESP16 is a valid and reliable scale that quantified patients' perception of safety after being assisted and transported to the hospital.

Fast optical source for quantum key distribution based on semiconductor optical amplifiers.

A novel integrated optical source capable of emitting faint pulses with different polarization states and with different intensity levels at 100 MHz has been developed. The source relies on a single laser diode followed by four semiconductor optical amplifiers and thin film polarizers, connected through a fiber network. The use of a single laser ensures high level of indistinguishability in time and spectrum of the pulses for the four different polarizations and three different levels of intensity. The applicability of the source is demonstrated in the lab through a free space quantum key distribution experiment which makes use of the decoy state BB84 protocol. We achieved a lower bound secure key rate of the order of 3.64 Mbps and a quantum bit error ratio as low as 1.14×10⁻² while the lower bound secure key rate became 187 bps for an equivalent attenuation of 35 dB. To our knowledge, this is the fastest polarization encoded QKD system which has been reported so far. The performance, reduced size, low power consumption and the fact that the components used can be space qualified make the source particularly suitable for secure satellite communication.

A retrospective study of allergic diseases in children with food hypersensitivity

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[Special needs of schoolchildren with diabetes mellitus. Point of view of parents and teachers]. / Necesidades del niño escolarizado con diabetes mellitus. Visión de padres y profesores.

BACKGROUND: The daily care of a diabetic (IDDM) child is essential for the short and long term evolution of the disease, and must include the hours the child spends in school. The presence of Trained personnel are needed who will be able to intervene in time if a serious complication, such as hypoglycemia, occurs. Their presence can help to ensure correct control of the disease and avoid long term complications. OBJECTIVES: To understand of the day to day life of children with IDDM, focusing on their school hours. To understand the attitude of primary and secondary school teachers towards pupils with IDDM. PATIENTS AND METHODOLOGY: Descriptive and transversal study on IDDM patients between the ages of 3 and 18, treated within the Healthcare Area number 3 in the Madrid Region, and their teachers. Two different kinds of surveys were distributed: the 1st survey by Fundación para la Diabetes (Foundation for Diabetes) contained 80 questions aimed at patients between the ages of 3 and 18 and their parents. Questions were related to patient's daily life and school environment. The 2nd survey, which allowed free response, was aimed at primary and secondary school teachers about their own experiences working as professionals with pupils with IDDM. RESULTS: Fifty questionnaires addressed to parents and patients were valid in our remit, and we emphasize the following: the ages of major participation were 10 to 14 years; 86% of children knew how to measure blood glucose and 66% how to administer insulin; 74% had no problems with school integration, however, up to 50% of children under 6 years had suffered a problem occasionally; on the 50% of the occasions when a patient needed insulin administration during school hours, it was done by a relative; 66% of hypoglycaemias were resolved by the patient. Health personnel is present only in 8% of the schools studied; 98% of those surveyed think teachers should have written instructions on the signs and symptoms and action to be taken if a hypoglycemia occurs. Questionnaires for teachers were answered by 54% of them (76 of a total of 140), we would like to point out the following: 71% of them recognise having a diabetic pupil; the degree of teacher knowledge on diabetes, rated on a scale from 1 to 7 shows a median of 3 and a mode of 4; 47% of teachers feel insecure when having a diabetic pupil because they do not have instructions on actions to take in case a complication occurs; 97% of teachers affirm to know what a hypoglycaemia is, however only 67% and 57% of them recognise its signs and symptoms and know how to act when they occur. CONCLUSIONS: The school integration and acceptance of pupils with IDDM is good, according to both teachers and parents. Children with IDDM take responsibility for their disease at an early age and are able to develop certain skills. However they still need help, which they get from their family even during school hours. Generally, teachers are willing to learn new skills to be able to help these children, however, further training is required to improve the understanding and management of this disease.

Necesidades del niño escolarizado con diabetes mellitus. Visión de padres y profesores / Special needs of schoolchildren with diabetes mellitus. Point of view of parents and teachers

Fundamentos: el cuidado diario del niño y el adolescente con diabetes mellitus insulinodependiente (DMID), fundamental para la evolución a corto y largo plazo de la enfermedad, debe incluir las muchas horas de permanencia en la escuela. La presencia, en el entorno escolar, de personas entrenadas para evitar los riesgos de una intervención tardía ante una complicación aguda, como es la hipoglucemia, y facilitar el buen control de la enfermedad puede ser considerada una necesidad. La presencia de personal sanitario en nuestros centros educativos públicos es escasa al no estar establecida como obligatoria. Objetivos: conocer aspectos de la vida cotidiana de los niños con DMID centrados en su jornada escolar y conocer actitudes de profesores de colegios e institutos frente a alumnos con DMID. Pacientes y método: estudio descriptivo, transversal sobre pacientes con DMID de 3 a 18 años atendidos en el área sanitaria 3 de la Comunidad de Madrid y sus respectivos profesores mediante dos tipos de encuesta: primera encuesta, distribuida por la Fundación para la Diabetes, con 80 preguntas dirigidas a pacientes de 3 a 18 años y sus padres en relación con su vida diaria y el entorno escolar. Segunda encuesta, de elaboración propia, dirigida a profesores de enseñanza primaria y secundaria, que valora cómo viven la presencia de estos alumnos con DMID en el aula. Resultados: del cuestionario dirigido a pacientes y padres, fueron válidas 50 en el área correspondiente a nuestro centro, y destacamos que: la mayor participación fue de los niños de 10 a 14 años; el 86% de los niños saben medirse la glucemia y el 66% sabe administrarse insulina; el 74% no ha tenido problemas de inserción escolar; sin embargo, por edades, hasta le 50% de las menores de 6 años lo han padecido; hasta en el 50% de las ocasiones en que un paciente ha precisado la administración de insulina durante el horario escolar lo ha hecho un familiar; el 66% de las hipoglucemias son resueltas por el paciente; sólo disponen de personal sanitario en el centro educativo el 8% de los pacientes y, por último, el 98% cree oportuno que todos los profesores de niños con diabetes tengan información por escrito de los síntomas y pasos a seguir en caso de hipoglucemia cuando el alumno se incorpora al colegio. Del cuestionario dirigido a profesores, respondido por un 54% (76 de un total de 140), destacamos que: el 71% reconoce tener o haber tenido a un alumno diabético; el grado de conocimiento de los profesores sobre diabetes, valorado con una escala del 1 al 7, muestra una mediana de 3 y una moda de 4; la inseguridad generada por un alumno diabético la atribuyen (un 47%) a la falta de instrucciones explícitas sobre la actuación ante complicaciones concretas; el 97,4% de los profesores dicen saber lo que es una hipoglucemia; sin embargo, sólo el 67,1% conoce los signos y síntomas que genera y un 57% dice saber que debe hacer ante esta situación. Conclusiones: la integración y la aceptación escolar de los alumnos con DMID es buena, percepción compartida por padres y profesores. Estos niños desde muy pequeños se responsabilizan de su enfermedad y adquieren habilidades de autocuidado a edades tempranas, pero necesitan ayuda, y ésta es prestada diariamente desde el entorno familiar incluso durante el horario escolar. En general, los profesores muestran una buena disposición para adquirir habilidades que los capaciten para la eventual ayuda a estos niños; sin embargo, su carencia de conocimientos y la ausencia de personal sanitario en los centros educativos hacen necesaria una más amplia información para mejorar la comprensión y la asunción del problema (AU)

Background: The daily care of a diabetic (IDDM) child is essential for the short and long term evolution of the disease, and must include the hours the child spends in school. The presence of Trained personnel are needed who will be able to interveneintime if a serious complication, such as hypoglycemia, occurs. Their presence can help to ensure correct control of the disease and avoid long term complications. Objectives: To understand of the day today life of children with IDDM, focusing on their school hours. To understand the attitude of primary and secondary school teachers towards pupils with IDDM. Patients and methodology: Descriptive and transversal study on IDDM patients between the ages of 3 and18, treated with in the Healthcare Area number 3 in the Madrid Region, and their teachers. Two different kinds of surveys were distributed: the1 stsurvey by Fundación para la Diabetes (Foundation for Diabetes) contained 80 questions aimed at patients between the ages of 3 and 18 and their parents. Questions were related to patient’s daily life and school environment. The 2nd survey, which allowed free response, was aimed at primary and secondary school teachers about their own experiences working as professional swith pupils with IDDM. Results: Fifty questionnaires addressed to parents and patients were valid in our remit, and we emphasize the following: the ages of major participation were10 to14 years; 86% of children knew how to measure blood glucose and 66% how to administer insulin; 74% had no problems with school integration, however, up to 50% of children under 6 years had suffered a problem occasionally; on the 50% of the occasions when a patient needed insulin administration during school hours, it was done by a relative; 66% of hypoglycaemias were resolved by the patient. Health personnel is present only in 8% of the schools studied; 98% of those surveyed think teachers should have written instructions on the signs and symptoms and action to be taken if a hypoglycemia occurs. Questionnaires for teachers were answered by 54% of them (76 of a total of 140), we would like to point out the following: 71% of them recognise having a diabetic pupil; the degree of teacher knowledge on diabetes, rated on a scale from 1 to 7 shows a median of 3 and a mode of 4;47% of teachers feel in secure when having a diabetic pupil because they do not have instructions on actions to take in case a complication occurs; 97% of teachers affirm to know what a hypoglycaemia is, however only 67% and 57% of them recognize its signs and symptoms and know how to act when they occur. Conclusions: The school integration and acceptance of pupils with IDDM is good, according to both teachers and parents. Children with IDDM take responsibility for their disease at an early age and are able to develop certains kills. However they still need help, which they get from their family even during school hours. Generally, teachers are willing to learn new skills to be able to help these children, however, further training is required to improve the understanding and management of this disease (AU)

Evaluation of the metal phytoextraction potential of crop legumes. Regulation of the expression of O-acetylserine (thiol)lyase under metal stress.

The metal phytoextraction potential of three legumes belonging to different genera has been studied under greenhouse conditions. Legumes accumulate As and metals mainly in roots, although translocation to shoot is observed. Alfalfa did accumulate the highest concentrations of As and metals in shoots and aerial biomass was less affected by the toxic elements, indicating its good behaviour in phytoextraction. Clover accumulated less metal, but showed larger biomass. EDTA addition enhanced Pb phytoextraction up to levels similar to those described for plants proposed in phytoremediation. The regulation of O-acetylserine (thiol)lyase from legumes under metal stress has been analysed to test the possibility of establishing a possible correlation between the expression of OASTL in the presence of the metals and the metal accumulation in legume plant tissues. Cd and Pb(EDTA) produce the strongest increases of OASTL activity, with the higher enhancement seen in roots, in parallel with the higher metal accumulation. Arsenic produced an increase of root enzyme activity, whereas Cu produced a decrease, mainly in shoots. Western blots using antibodies against an A. THALIANA cytosolic OAS-TL recognised up to five protein bands in crude extracts from LOTUS and clover. A low molecular weight isoform of 32 kDa was induced in the presence of Cd and Pb. A partial RT-PCR sequence from clover has been obtained, showing 86 - 97 % identity with other described OASTLs. The PCR fragment has been used to analyse OASTL mRNA levels of legumes under metal stress. OASTL transcripts were increased by As, Cd, and Pb, especially in roots, where metal accumulation was maximal, while Cu produced a decrease in the transcript levels.

[Tuberculosis outbreak in a school]. / Brote de tuberculosis en una escuela.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the importance of preventive measures when a case of tuberculosis is detected, identify the causes that favored a tuberculosis outbreak in a school and determine the efficiency of obtaining induced sputum samples. DESIGN: Descriptive, study. SETTING: The Santa Maria de la Providencia school, located in the municipality of Alcala de Henares in Spain. INTERVENTIONS: On April 11, 2005, a case of bacilliform pulmonary tuberculosis was notified in a teacher. Study of contacts in the collective was performed as a programmed intervention. Mantoux skin test and, if positive, chest radiograph were performed in contacts. Treatment of latent or active tuberculosis was recommended according to the result. RESULTS: School exposures were identified and underwent the Mantoux skin test (142 students in years 1, 2, 3, and 4 of compulsory secondary education and 22 teachers). The Mantoux test was positive in 68 students (48 %) and seven teachers (32 %). In seven students with results compatible with active tuberculosis disease, sputum induction was performed and treatment was started. A further two students, identified as contacts, were studied in another center and also started treatment for active tuberculosis disease. Due to the high risk of contagion, study of contacts was extended to the remaining students in compulsory secondary education. In this second phase, 134 students received the Mantoux skin test and seven were Mantoux positive (5.2 %). In all these students, active tuberculosis disease was ruled out. Latent tuberculosis treatment was recommended in all Mantoux-positive contacts.

Brote de tuberculosis en una escuela / Tuberculosis outbreak in a school

Objetivo. Demostrar la importancia de la actuación preventiva ante un caso de tuberculosis. Identificar las causas que favorecieron dicho brote. Comprobar la rentabilidad de la obtención de muestras mediante la inducción del esputo. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo. Emplazamiento. Colegio Santa María de la Providencia, ubicado en el municipio de Alcalá de Henares. Intervenciones. El 11 de abril de 2005 se notificó un caso de tuberculosis pulmonar bacilífera en un profesor de escuela. Como intervención programada se realizó el estudio de contactos del colectivo. Se realizó la prueba de tuberculina y radiografía de tórax (si tenían tuberculina positiva) a los contactos, recomendando tratamiento de la infección tuberculosa latente o de la enfermedad tuberculosa según el resultado. Resultados. Inicialmente se identificó el círculo de expuestos al caso, realizándose la prueba de tuberculina. En total la prueba se llevó a cabo en 142 alumnos de los grupos 1.º, 2.º, 3.º y 4.º de ESO y 22 profesores del claustro. Los resultados de la lectura de la prueba de tuberculina suponen un total de 68 alumnos con prueba (+) (48 %) y 7 profesores con prueba (+) (32 %). Los pacientes con hallazgos compatibles con enfermedad tuberculosa (7 alumnos) fueron citados para recoger muestras respiratorias, mediante la técnica del esputo inducido, e inicio de tratamiento. Otros 2 alumnos del centro escolar, identificados como expuestos, fueron estudiados en otro centro, iniciando ambos igualmente tratamiento de la enfermedad tuberculosa. Debido al elevado riesgo de contagio, se decide ampliar el estudio de contactos al resto de alumnos de ESO. En esta segunda fase se realizó la prueba a un total de 134 alumnos, de los cuales 7 tuvieron la prueba de tuberculina (+) (5,2 %). Se descartó mediante radiología, la presencia de enfermedad tuberculosa en todos ellos. A todos los contactos con prueba de tuberculina (+) se recomendó tratamiento de la infección tuberculosa latente

Objective. To demonstrate the importance of preventive measures when a case of tuberculosis is detected, identify the causes that favored a tuberculosis outbreak in a school and determine the efficiency of obtaining induced sputum samples. Design. Descriptive, study. Setting. The Santa Maria de la Providencia school, located in the municipality of Alcala de Henares in Spain. Interventions. On April 11, 2005, a case of bacilliform pulmonary tuberculosis was notified in a teacher. Study of contacts in the collective was performed as a programmed intervention. Mantoux skin test and, if positive, chest radiograph were performed in contacts. Treatment of latent or active tuberculosis was recommended according to the result. Results. School exposures were identified and underwent the Mantoux skin test (142 students in years 1, 2, 3, and 4 of compulsory secondary education and 22 teachers). The Mantoux test was positive in 68 students (48 %) and seven teachers (32 %). In seven students with results compatible with active tuberculosis disease, sputum induction was performed and treatment was started. A further two students, identified as contacts, were studied in another center and also started treatment for active tuberculosis disease. Due to the high risk of contagion, study of contacts was extended to the remaining students in compulsory secondary education. In this second phase, 134 students received the Mantoux skin test and seven were Mantoux positive (5.2 %). In all these students, active tuberculosis disease was ruled out. Latent tuberculosis treatment was recommended in all Mantoux-positive contacts

New screening method for lung cancer by detecting volatile organic compounds in breath.

Lung cancer is a frequent cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. There is no valid screening process and this limits its detection to the late stages, with consequently high mortality rates. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are chemical compounds (mainly the products of cell catabolism) found as gases in the human breath. Different methods have been developed to analyse VOCs and to compare them in healthy subjects and lung cancer patients. In this review, we summarise the different techniques used to analyse VOC. Many reports have been published with promising results similar to those achieved with accepted screening methods such as mammography. These methods show good perspectives on lung cancer screening.

New screening method for lung cancer by detecting volatile organic compounds in breath

Lung cancer is a frequent cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. There is no valid screening process and this limits its detection to the late stages, with consequently high mortality rates. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are chemical compounds (mainly the products of cell catabolism) found as gases in the human breath. Different methods have been developed to analyse VOCs and to compare them in healthy subjects and lung cancer patients. In this review, we summarise the different techniques used to analyse VOC. Many reports have been published with promising results similar to those achieved with accepted screening methods such as mammography. These methods show good perspectives on lung cancer screening (AU)

[Adverse reaction of pseudoephedrine]. / Reacción adversa por seudoefedrina.

We present a case of a 7 years old girl who developed an episode of myoclonic movements and tremors after being medicated with a not well quantified amount of a pseudoephedrine/antihistamine combination. We want to highlight the potential toxicity of pseudoephedrine, usually administered as part of cold-syrup preparations which are used for symptomatic treatment of upper respiratory tract cough and congestion associated with the common cold and allergic rhinitis. Although these products are generally considered to be safe either by physicians and parents, we can't underestimate the potential adverse events and toxic effects that can occur when administering these medications.

Reacción adversa por seudoefedrina / Adverse reaction of pseudoephedrine

Aportamos el caso de una niña de 7 años de edad que presentó un episodio de mioclonías y temblores de pocas horas de duración tras haber ingerido una cantidad no bien determinada de un preparado que contenía antihistamínico y seudoefedrina. Queremos destacar la potencial toxicidad de la seudoefedrina, comercializada en asociación con antihistamínicos y que se vende como fármaco para aliviar el resfriado común y la obstrucción nasal. Dichos productos se consideran medicamentos para tratar síntomas a menudo banales, por lo que pensamos que la población y, con menos frecuencia, los profesionales, pueden infravalorar la potencial toxicidad de los fármacos que los componen (AU)

We present a case of a 7 years old girl who developed an episode of myoclonic movements and tremors after being medicated with a not well cuantified amount of a pseudoephedrine/antihistamine combination. We want to highlight the potencial toxicity of pseudoephedrine, usually administered as part of cold-syrup preparations which are used for symptomatic treatment of upper respiratory tract cough and congestion associated with the common cold and allergic rhinitis. Although these products are generally considered to be safe either by physicians and parents, we can’t underestimate the potencial adverse events and toxic effects that can occur when administering these medications We present a case of a 7 years old girl who developed an episode of myoclonic movements and tremors after being medicated with a not well cuantified amount of a pseudoephedrine/antihistamine combination. We want to highlight the potencial toxicity of pseudoephedrine, usually administered as part of cold-syrup preparations which are used for symptomatic treatment of upper respiratory tract cough and congestion associated with the common cold and allergic rhinitis. Although these products are generally considered to be safe either by physicians and parents, we can’t underestimate the potencial adverse events and toxic effects that can occur when administering these medications (AU)